What are the LRFD load combinations per ASCE 7-22?

ASCE 7-22 Table 2.3.1 LRFD combinations: 1.4D; 1.2D+1.6L+0.5(Lr or S or R); 1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R)+(L or 0.5W); 1.2D+1.0W+L+0.5(Lr or S or R); 0.9D+1.0W; 1.2D+1.0E+L+0.2S; 0.9D+1.0E.

What is the difference between LRFD and ASD load combinations?

LRFD uses factored loads with resistance factors (φ). ASD uses unfactored service loads with a factor of safety (Ω). LRFD typically governs for strength design; ASD is often used for serviceability and allowable-stress materials.

When does the 0.9D + 1.0E combination govern in ASCE 7-22?

0.9D + 1.0E governs when uplift from seismic forces exceeds the stabilizing effect of dead load — critical for checking overturning of shear walls, uplift on foundations, and tension in hold-downs.

What is the load factor for fluid pressure F in ASCE 7-22?

Fluid pressure F is added to relevant load combinations with a factor of 1.4F when combined with 1.4D, or included with factors matching the other companion loads when F is well-defined.

How are roof live load Lr and snow load S combined per ASCE 7-22?

ASCE 7-22 uses (Lr or S or R) — only the largest of roof live load, snow, or rain governs at any one time. When the roof is flat, all three are checked separately to find the critical combination.

Loading & Analysis

Load Combinations

ASCE 7-22

Knowledge Projects

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Load Combinations

ASCE 7-22 Â§2.3.1 â€” Strength design (LRFD)

Service Loads

D (Dead)

L (Live)

Lr (Roof Live)

S (Snow)

W (Wind)

E (Earthquake)

R (Rain)

Load Combination Results

11.4D35.0 kN/m

2a1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)51.7 kN/m

2b1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr49.2 kN/m

2c1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5S51.7 kN/m

3a1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)50.0 kN/m

4a1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)52.5 kN/m

4b1.2D - 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)36.5 kN/m

5a1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S58.0 kN/mGOV

5b1.2D - 1.0E + L + 0.2S28.0 kN/m

6a0.9D + 1.0W30.5 kN/m

6b0.9D - 1.0W14.5 kN/m

7a0.9D + 1.0E37.5 kN/m

7b0.9D - 1.0E7.5 kN/m

Comparison Chart

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
1.4D	1.4D	eval	35.00	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)	1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)	eval	51.70	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr	1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr	eval	49.20	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5S	1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5S	eval	51.70	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)	1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)	eval	50.00	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)	1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)	eval	52.50	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
1.2D - 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)	1.2D - 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)	eval	36.50	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S	1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S	eval	58.00	✓

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
1.2D - 1.0E + L + 0.2S	1.2D - 1.0E + L + 0.2S	eval	28.00	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
0.9D + 1.0W	0.9D + 1.0W	eval	30.50	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
0.9D - 1.0W	0.9D - 1.0W	eval	14.50	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
0.9D + 1.0E	0.9D + 1.0E	eval	37.50	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
0.9D - 1.0E	0.9D - 1.0E	eval	7.50	✗

Results

Governing Load

58.0

kN/m

LC 5a: 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S

D25 kN/m

L12 kN/m

S5 kN/m

W8 kN/m

E15 kN/m

Max factored58.0 kN/m

GoverningLC 5a

Total combos13

This calculation is for preliminary design verification only. All results must be independently verified by a licensed professional engineer before use in construction documents.

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Loading & Analysis

Load Combinations

ASCE 7-22

Knowledge Projects

Dark ColorDark MonoLight ColorLight Mono

Load Combinations

ASCE 7-22 Â§2.3.1 â€” Strength design (LRFD)

Service Loads

D (Dead)

L (Live)

Lr (Roof Live)

S (Snow)

W (Wind)

E (Earthquake)

R (Rain)

Load Combination Results

11.4D35.0 kN/m

2a1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)51.7 kN/m

2b1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr49.2 kN/m

2c1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5S51.7 kN/m

3a1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)50.0 kN/m

4a1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)52.5 kN/m

4b1.2D - 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)36.5 kN/m

5a1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S58.0 kN/mGOV

5b1.2D - 1.0E + L + 0.2S28.0 kN/m

6a0.9D + 1.0W30.5 kN/m

6b0.9D - 1.0W14.5 kN/m

7a0.9D + 1.0E37.5 kN/m

7b0.9D - 1.0E7.5 kN/m

Comparison Chart

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
1.4D	1.4D	eval	35.00	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)	1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)	eval	51.70	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr	1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr	eval	49.20	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5S	1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5S	eval	51.70	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)	1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)	eval	50.00	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)	1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)	eval	52.50	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
1.2D - 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)	1.2D - 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)	eval	36.50	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S	1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S	eval	58.00	✓

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
1.2D - 1.0E + L + 0.2S	1.2D - 1.0E + L + 0.2S	eval	28.00	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
0.9D + 1.0W	0.9D + 1.0W	eval	30.50	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
0.9D - 1.0W	0.9D - 1.0W	eval	14.50	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
0.9D + 1.0E	0.9D + 1.0E	eval	37.50	✗

Step	Formula	Substitution	Result
0.9D - 1.0E	0.9D - 1.0E	eval	7.50	✗

Results

Governing Load

58.0

kN/m

LC 5a: 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S

D25 kN/m

L12 kN/m

S5 kN/m

W8 kN/m

E15 kN/m

Max factored58.0 kN/m

GoverningLC 5a

Total combos13

This calculation is for preliminary design verification only. All results must be independently verified by a licensed professional engineer before use in construction documents.

Load Combinations

Load Combinations

Service Loads

Load Combinations

LC 1

LC 2a

LC 2b

LC 2c

LC 3a

LC 4a

LC 4b

LC 5a

LC 5b

LC 6a

LC 6b

LC 7a

LC 7b

Load Combinations

Load Combinations

Service Loads

Load Combinations

LC 1

LC 2a

LC 2b

LC 2c

LC 3a

LC 4a

LC 4b

LC 5a

LC 5b

LC 6a

LC 6b

LC 7a

LC 7b